Davo said:
Wrong Henry. It began earlier with the collapse of the Roman empire. Islamification of the Iberian peninsular came much later and did not effect any of northern eurupe or what is now the United Kingdom
actually, davo, it never happened, not in eurupe nor in britain. there was no such thing as a 'dark age', things were different, yes, but there was no descent into a primative culture. the civil wars of rome were dark times, but not the herald of any 'dark age'. the romans abandoned britain early in the 5th century and the anglo-saxons arrived shortly after and began to populate the country. the stuff we were all told at school about them butchering the british (celts) has been proven to be completely incorrect through archaeological investigation. there is absolutely no evidence of this to be found anywhere, no burnt towns or villages not any mass graves, nothing. so the anglo-saxons assimilated with the celts who were gaelic speaking in the north and n. midlands and latin speaking in the s. midlands and the south. this last may explain why there is a small latin influence in anglo-saxon which is not found in german saxon of the same period.
the germanic invasions of western europe such as by the franks led to the establishment of an empire of considerable size in what is now france and the west of germany and belguim and southern holland. the visigoths pushed on down through spain and even into north africa and some germanic peoples moved into italy.
the idea that these germanic peoples were all illiterate murderers, pillagers and rapists (which the vikings probably were) who introduced an age of uncivilised ignorance is utter nonsense. they were proficient in the arts of all kinds - take a quick look at anglo-saxon jewelry, it's absolutely stunningly beautiful - construction and weapons manufacture. development did not stop because rome fell, effectively,by the late 5th century, it was done for . so, so far no 'dark age'.
these regions continued to prosper, but as smaller nation units, often in conflict with each other (even this did not create a 'dark age although it was sometimes pretty bad, but it was localised, not universal), but there was no central authority anymore as an umbrella. wealth levels may have dropped so there would be less demand for some things, but there was plenty of trade (albeit at a horse's pace) all over europe and the anglo-saxons certainly imported precious and semi precious stones from the middle east/black sea (so probably through the e. roman empire - later byzantium)
the arab conquests started in 620 AD about 140 years after the end of rome (so not big a gap) and went on in europe until they were brought to an abrupt end by charles martell (the inventor of fine brandy) at the battle of poitiers in 720. the arabs were tossed back over the pyrenees fairly quickly, but it wasn't until 1492 that their last bastion in spain was defeated and they left. as i said, these cut europe off from asia, it's produce and its philosophy and thought, but this also did not cause some giant leap backwards and although it may well initially have caused a slowdown in some areas, it picked up again. europeans always knew asia was there and wanted to trade with it and ultimately they developed the technology (robust sailing vessels) to get them past the arabs and this restored matters. yes, it took a long time, but once europe could trade it learned to do it better and better, ie better ships, bigger companies, more money - the latter is the main driver of development and improvement and europe made plenty of it. the rest is well known history.
At no time was there any great backward jump in europe. it was just cut off from eastern philosophical ideas and thought which had previously traveled with traders and their goods, but which now never got to europe. this lack of contact affected all of europe including the north. don't forget, scholars traveled all over europe, the church being the main motivator of education and medicine at this time.
don't believe those who say that there was some sort of 'dark age'. war in europe and even in england caused great destruction and damage to written records, but that does not mean that civilisation regressed. archaeology has been exposing this idea of a 'dark age' as untrue for a considerable time and it continues to do so.